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Parliamentary system was adopted by the most of the modern democracies. It occurs where the principle of government's responsibility to parliament is respected. This principle is the basis of parliamentary government and a common feature of the largest group of democratic countries. In comparing these countries, one should also pay attention to the differences between them. They concern both constitutional norms and political practice. This implies that there is no single model of parliamentarism; on the contrary, there are many variations of it. In this situation, there is an objective need to organize a set of parliamentary systems. The paper presents examples of different analytical procedures such as dichotomy, classification and typology. The author concludes that the most useful of these instruments is the typology, and it can arise only on the basis of extensive classification of parliamentary systems. The creation of such a classification would require broad historical-comparative research. ; System parlamentarny funkcjonuje w większości współczesnych państw demokratycznych. Występuje on tam, gdzie respektuje się zasadę odpowiedzialności politycznej rządu przed parlamentem, która stanowi istotę rządów parlamentarnych i cechę wspólną najliczniejszej grupy państw demokratycznych. Porównując te państwa ze sobą, trzeba też zwrócić uwagę na występujące między nimi różnice. Dotyczą one zarówno unormowań konstytucyjnych, jak i praktyki politycznej. To powoduje, że nie ma jednego modelu parlamentaryzmu, przeciwnie – występuje wiele jego odmian. W tej sytuacji istnieje obiektywna potrzeba wewnętrznego uporządkowania zbioru systemów parlamentarnych. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady zastosowania różnych zabiegów systematyzujących, takich jak dychotomia, klasyfikacja czy typologia. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że najbardziej użytecznym z tych instrumentów jest typologia, a może ona powstać tylko na podstawie rozbudowanej klasyfikacji systemów parlamentarnych. Stworzenie takiej klasyfikacji wymagałoby przeprowadzenia szeroko zakrojonych badań historyczno-porównawczych.

AbstractParliamentary system was adopted by the most of the modern democracies. It occurs where the principle of government's responsibility to parliament is respected. This principle is the basis of parliamentary government and a common feature of the largest group of democratic countries. In comparing these countries, one should also pay attention to the differences between them. They concern both constitutional norms and political practice. This implies that there is no single model of parliamentarism; on the contrary, there are many variations of it. In this situation, there is an objective need to organize a set of parliamentary systems. The paper presents examples of different analytical procedures such as dichotomy, classification and typology. The author concludes that the most useful of these instruments is the typology, and it can arise only on the basis of extensive classification of parliamentary systems. The creation of such a classification would require broad historical-comparative research.

In recent years, the issue of the relationships between the state and the Catholic Church has been increasingly present in public discourse in Poland. New political parties have become embroiled in the debate, taking diverse stances. The paper discusses the attitude of new political parties in Poland towards religion and the Catholic Church, using three groupings as examples: the Palikot Movement [Ruch Palikota], Robert Biedroń's Spring [Wiosna Roberta Biedronia] and the Together Party [Partia Razem]. The authors, using content analysis as the research method, reviewed the party policies and media statements made by politicians on the topic. The aim of the article is to investigate the positions taken by selected political parties towards religion and the Catholic Church and to verify the hypothesis that the new left-wing parties advocate a strict separation of church and state.

"The main objective of this book - New Political Parties in the Party System of Poland is to analyse and investigate new political parties that were successful in the parliamentary elections of 2011, 2015 and 2019 in Poland, as well as to analyse the Polish and Czech party systems in a comparative manner. The entry of new groups into Parliament has led to significant changes in the Polish party system, sparking discussions about business parties, populism and the role of social media in election campaigns. The book includes the following political parties: Palikot Movement, Modern, Kukiz'15, Robert Biedroń's Spring and Confederation"--